Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by Brucella species. It primarily affects livestock but can also infect humans. Recently, the death of an eight-year-old girl in Kerala brought into light the risks associated with this infection. Brucellosis is often contracted through unpasteurised milk or direct contact with infected animals. Awareness and preventive measures are crucial to combat this public health issue.

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What Is Brucellosis?

• Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella bacteria.
• These bacteria affect various animals, including cattle, goats, sheep, and dogs.
• Humans typically contract the disease through contaminated animal products, especially unpasteurised milk and cheese.
• The disease is considered a zoonosis, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans.

Symptoms of Brucellosis

Common symptoms include fever, weakness, weight loss, and general discomfort. The incubation period varies from one week to two months, but most symptoms appear within two to four weeks. In many cases, symptoms can be mild, leading to misdiagnosis or delayed treatment.

Risk Factors and Affected Populations

Brucellosis can affect anyone, but certain groups are at higher risk. Farmers, butchers, veterinarians, and laboratory personnel who work closely with animals are particularly vulnerable. The disease can be contracted through contact with animal blood, placenta, and other bodily fluids.

Historical Context in Kerala

In Kerala, sporadic cases of brucellosis have been reported. Recent infections occurred in Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram in 2023. These cases prompted the Animal Husbandry Department to conduct awareness sessions for dairy farmers and test milk samples. Although deaths are rare, the situation remains a public health concern.

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Treatment Options

Brucellosis is treated with antibiotics. Common treatments include doxycycline and streptomycin. Doxycycline is typically administered twice daily for 45 days, while streptomycin is given daily for 15 days. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for recovery.

Prevention Strategies

Preventing brucellosis involves several strategies. Vaccination of livestock is crucial in areas with high prevalence. Pasteurising milk is vital to eliminate the risk of transmission to humans. Public education campaigns on the dangers of unpasteurised products are also recommended. Policies regulating the sale of such products can further reduce risks.

Public Health Implications

Brucellosis poses public health challenges, especially in endemic areas. The expansion of animal industries and urbanisation increases the risk of outbreaks. Without proper hygiene and food safety measures, brucellosis remains a serious threat to human health.